Improvement in the manufacture of salt



ffy f.

NA FErERS. PHoTo-LITMOQMFNER. WASHINGTON. Dv C.

didnt tatra anni ditta,

DEXTER REYNOLDS, or ALBANY, AND` JAMES W. PAIeE, oF EooHESTER,

NEW YORK.; v

Letters Patent No. 109,546, dated November2'2', 1870.

IMPRQVEMENT |N VTHE VMANUFACTURE oFsALT.

The Schedule referred to in these Letters Patent and part `of the s ame.

We, DEXTER REYoLDs, of the city and county of Albany and State of New York, and JAMES W. IAIGE, of the city of Rochester, county of Monroe Vand State of New York, have inventeda certainimproved Proc? ess for the Manufacture of Salt, of which the following is a specification.

Figure 1 is a plan view-of one form ot apparatus centration, below saturation, that the gypsum `shall not adhere thereto, butthat'such brine, when removed to another' vessel, shall reach saturation by the 'evaporation due to the heat contained in suclrbriiie and therein deposit its lime,and the removal of such puriT tied saturated brine to another vessel for yreductin to salt, also by steam; and especiallythe conducting this process on cylinders, that the economy of the evapora,- tion may be increased bysubjectingthebrine, in small quantities at a time and in motion, to steam-heat, with the advantages of the more ready remoy'al `ot` any accidental or other adhesions of lime or salt.

The theory of our process, which weclaim can be successfully carried out in the manner and by the apparatus hereinafter described, is,`that where evaporation is produced by heat from the combustion of fuel, such combustion can be more perfectly conducted under a boiler, and the heat contained iu the steam thus generated be more perfectly-and economically transmitted and applied tothe evaporation of, salt-brines than by the direct action offirennder kettles or pans containingsuch brine, as nowordinarilydone That salt-brines in a thin film or` shower, subjected to heat, can be more economically eyaporated vthan when in a large body or mass. Y y

That a given amount of. salt-briues3'can be more rapidly and economically evaporated wheuin motion than when quiescent. l

'.lhat, as the metallic surface through which the heat of the steam is transmitted to such til'm or shower is more or less covered by said film or shower, so will the economy otthcevaporat-ion be increased or diminished. a

That when the iilm or shower is a liquid, as saltbrines, containing substances depositedby heator evaporation, or capable ofbeingdried ontosuch metallic surface by reason of too little brine or.too;much heat, such drying will,`to that extent, be. a loss in the evaporative power: of such meta1lic-surt`ace andv ,in the `economic eiects ofsuch steam.

That the gypsum in salt-brines the deposit of which by heat and concentration yand its adhesion'- to the metal surface, through which'the heat istgansmitted,

ason'fthe kettles where fire is used, and on the surface of pipes o r pans or other receptacles for'steam where steam is employed, and the 'removal ot'gwhichfrom kettles is now only partially done bypanning, and part .cf which ystill adheres to such metallic surface, and

whichI latter` partcauses notonlya. los'sjof the heat generated, but also expense in its removal, is, mainly,-

precipitated at or`nea1"the point o f'saturat'ion, and can be deposit-edv and thebrin'e saturatedand freed therefrom without-.adhesion tofs'nch metallic surface provided the i'ilrn or` shower of briue i s inrmo'tiou over such metallic surface and insuch quantitythatl-the heat'of the steam is not snlicient to dryjtA 'on such metallic surface during its passage over or. with it; and

providedvthe',evaporation is notcarried to saturation',.

butonlyftosulch'y va pointof4 concentration that the brine, when removed Vto another vessel, shall reach saturation` .by thev evaporation due to its heat, and i We have s aid such a .point o't'concentration because this point is slightly variable, depending on the amount ofgypsmn,present iny the brine; the temperature at which it is discharged from the vessel ,in which it is heated, and the vmaterial and shape ot the vessel into which it isdischargedl t The greatertlie amount of gypsum, the lower, lnecessarily, `this point of concentration must he.. The higher. tliefteniperature, the `lower lthis point of concentration may be. 'llhe poorer theonductibility andgreater the s urface ot" the vessel into which thebrine is tobe'introduced 4to cool. and reach saturation Without the addition of heat, the lowe'rthis point of concentration, and alsofthe lower the temperature maybe.

Taking ,the 'brines, at Syracuse, New; York,I where the most extended manuthctureot'` salt in the United Statesis now carried on,when the salorneter is grad n ated sc that 100 is saturation, andeyery 10 of tempera? ture, Fahrenheit, above .690, lis equaltoabout o ne degrce additional o f `salometcnit wilLbe found that-with a temperatureot'. about r200o Fahrenheit., morel and salouieter 76?, or allowing for temperature abouty 90., that the lime will not .adhere to the metal through which the .heat of the steam .istransmitted,.andthat, on the brinejbeingl dischargcdatf about this concentration and temperature,into ashallowjwoodeuvat,

Asaturation,will be reached and thc lime depositedin this vessel by the mereconcenltration from Ithe evaporation dueto the heatA in the brine when let downv thereto. A few degrees higher salometer or concentration with this temperature will cause the lime to be deposited in the rst vessel and adhere to the metal through which the heat is transmitted. A few degrees lower concentration or afew degrees lower heat would not be sucient to enable the brine to reach saturation and deposit its lime. The point to be obtained or reached is about the greatest temperature and the greatest heatwhereat the lime will not be deposited inthe first vessel, and yet the brine will reach saturation in the second.VV One or two Itrials with any'brine will determine this point.

The advantages in using steam-heat over tire are threefold- First, in the convenienceof applying and regulating the heat.

Second, inthe economy of producing the heat.

Third, in the fact that saturated brines cannot as advantageously be reduced to salt without adhesion to the metal though the heatis transmitted.

That the greater the heat of the steam, the greater must be the quantity of brine used to cover the metallic surface in a given time, or the less the quantity 0f the brine, the greater the rapidity of its motion on or over it to prevent such loss and adhesion.

That such metallic surface, though of iron, will not rust, and thereby affect thecolor ofthe salt, provided it is kept continuously covered by brine; but, to provide against any accidental uncovering thereof, a ilm of lime can be deposited thereon so thin as not to materially affect it economic action, and yet effectually prevent any rusting thereof, or atfection of the color of the salt thereby.

That as soon as the steam is condensed in such inetallic vessel, its immediate removal therefrom will increase the ediciency of the surface thereof, and the return of such condensed steam or water back to the boiler will increase the economy with which the steam is made.

That protecting, by non-conducting materials, the passage of such steam from the boiler to such metallic vessel, and the passage of such condensed steam back to the boiler, and making both passages as short as possible, will increase the economy'of the operation.

K, fig. 1, is a vat of any convenientv size, made of any material, but preferably of wood, on account ot' its cheapness, durability, and non-conductability, in

which is placed the steam and "water-tight metallic case or vessel X, which may be placed with its bottom directly ou the bottom of the vat K or at any distance above it.

H is a pipe for introducing the steam froma boiler.

G, a pipe to carry off' the condensed steam.

P, a vat or trough placed over or at any distance above or on the top of .the metallic vessel X, and

pierced with holes or otherwise arranged so'as to allow the brine introduced thereiuto by Vthe pipe R from a cistern or other receptacle ot' brine, or direct from the logs, or from the vat K, to flow in a shower or film over the inclined sides of such vessel X into the vat K, and in such quantities as to keep the sa'me always covered with a lm or. shower of brine slightly inexcess of what can be evaporated from such sides during'its passage over them by the heat of the steam within such vessel transmitted through such sides.

S is a pipe from a pump, arranged so as to return to such vessel, P, for redistribution over the sides of the metallic vessel :v of the brine in K until it is suiciently evaporated as to be brought to the desired concentration, the supply from 1t being so regulated by a oat-valve or otherwise, that after K is once illed to the desired height from It the supply frorn R shall only be suicient to preserve a fixed level in .K as brine is evaporated away, or the supply from R can be shut off as desired, or the supply from lt may be so regulated that the brine shall reach the desired concentration in its passage over the metallic surface of X, and not require to be redistributed thereover in which case the pipe S can be dispensed with.

'l is a pipe to carry oft` the concentratedbrine and any impurities in suspension, or deposited into a vat M, below, where the brine can be allowed to settle and deposit such.` impurities, and where the concentrated briuecan bebrought to saturation by the eva-poration and deposit further lime.

One or more such settling-vats, M N, can be em-l ployed. desired, and the greater the heat of the brine when let down thereto, and the greater the surface, and the better non-conducting material of which such vats arecomposed, the greater will be the con centration therein.

X' is another and similar metallic receptacle for steam, placed on or over the vat L, and sufficiently below the vats M N that their contents above the deposited impurities may flow thereinto, and whereby it is proposed-to reduce the settled saturated brine to salt, and is similar in its construction and operation to the one before described. The ends of the .vat L the salt maybe drawn thereupon to drain before removal; the pipe R, in this latter case, taking the saturated brine from the settling-rats M N, and having its discharge similarly regulated by a fioat-valve or otherwise, the pipe S being used to take up into P and redistribute the saturated brine.

X, tig. 3, represents another form of vessel, which may be substituted for X X', to accomplish. the saine results, although the mechanical device by which. they' are produced is totally diiferent, X being a metallic cylinder madeto revolve on its hollow trunnions rollers or otherwise, and partly immersed in the brine contained in K or L, so as to take up in its revolutions, and carry over its surface, a hn of brine in excess of what can be evaporated in its passage over it; H" being the pipe for the introduction of 4steam from the boile'r; G the pipe to carry oi' the condensed steam, which pipe passeslthrough the trunnion W', and around which such trunnion revolves, and which pipe G may be bent down within the cylinder, reaching nearly to the bottom thereof, so that wthe pressure of the steam within the cylinder' will thereby force out the condensed steam; or any mechanical device may be resorted to for the speedy rel moral of such condensed steam and the discharging it through such pipe G.

The other arrangement of pipes and appliances being the same with X X', except the pipe| S with trough P, or any other device can be used or not, as desired,

what can be taken up in its revolutions. The heads of the cylinder may be made non-conducting'or couical, to save the loss of heat therethrough;

'lhe pipes H" and G" or H H', G G', may be provided with suitable stuiiing-boxes, or any other mechanical device may be'employed to prevent the passage of steam or condensed steun, lother than as proposed. l

Any gypsum or salt that may adhere to either of the above forms of apparatus, and more especially the latter, in motion, can be readily removed from time to time by a spud or chiselor any convenient instrument in the hands ot' the operator, or by suddenly heating and cooling such surface, which will cause it to fly oti'; but most ofthe salt made will be deposited in the vat below, and can be removed therefrom in the usual manner by a rake or shovel.`

In'place of Asubjecting the brine, in a shower or thin lm and in motion, to the metallic surface heated by steam, the evaporation of thebrine may be produced by introducing it into double-bottomed pans due to the hea-t in the brine when let down thereto, f

may be inclined in this latter case similar to g. 4, that WW supported on standards, Y Y', and on frictionto increase the ow of brine over thecyliuder overheated by steam, or 'non-conducting` vat-s heated by steam-pipes, and the same process carried on in such vessels with settling-mts as with the apparatus hereinafter described; b ut'we do not consider that such evaporation will be so economically produced, or any deposits or adhesions of lime or salt, accidental or otherwise, so easily prevented or disposed of when taking place, as when the brine is evaporatedin small quantities at a time and in motion', especially when the metallic surface is itself in motion.

Only one apparatus, for both evaporating-to the desired concentration, and reducing the saturated brine to salt, need be used, but such use will require the raising of the saturated brine from the settling-vats.

The pipes T T can issue from the bottom of thev vats K or L when it is desired to draw off all 'the'contents of such vats, or at any distance above the bottom, so as to draw olf only to a Agiven point, or a pipe can be used for each purpose. lhe pipes R can be Similarly arranged with reference to wherethey issue from M N.

l'lhe iron often present in the 'crude brine may bealso deposited inthe vat K by the same heat and exposure, especially where the brine is in athin iilm or shower and in motion, but it is preferable to use in such vat brine from which the iron has been precipitated by the use of lin'le,..clay, or alum, in the usual manner. v

Where chlorides of calcium and magnesium are present in brine, which substances are not precipitated on saturation, they can be eft'ectually removed by the introduction to the brine ot carbonate of soda at any stage of the process prior to its introduction to the vat L, decomposing s'nch chlorides by precipitating the lime and 'magnesia as carbonatos.

Part of the steam generatedin the boiler can be used to operate the pumps or revolve the cylinders aforesaidh but the amount so required will be but slight.

NVe are aware that revolving vessels, heated by steam, have been hcretotbreused for evaporating the water from various substances, and also the subdivision of water into thin continuous sheets orfilms, and the evaporating of such ijli'ns on metallic surfaces heated by steam, as also double-bottomed pans heated hy steam containing the liquid to be evaporated, and that liquids in rats have been evaporated by the use of steam in pipes passed thereinto; and that salt-brines containing gypsum have been heated by fire and concentrated to near the point of saturation, and removed and allowed to settle and deposit the lime; but we are not aware of any process like ours having been resorted to for the manufacture of salt, and giving such good results in economy, quality of thc salt made, or simplicity of the operation.

From the foregoing explanations of the ltheory ot our process, and description of the apparatus required to carry on the same, and the operation to be persued therewith, although we have described particularly but two forms of apparatus and suggested two' others, to carry'out practically our theoryand process for making salt, it is evident that various others could be adopted, or slight changes could be made in the shape of such apparatus or its working, and still our theory and process be carried on without substantial change.

Therefore we donot mean to confine ourselves to the apparatus as described; nor do we claim the use of any particular metal for such apparatus through which the heat of the steam is to be transmitted; nor to the size, number, shape, o r position of the surface thereofl on which the brine to be acted on isto be introduced; nor to the manner of its introduction, or whether the metallic vessel holding the steam within and receiving the brine without, be stationary or movable; or to any particular place, method of introducing the steam, or place or method of removing the condensed steam, as it is evident an intinitenumber of changes can be made in these respects and still the operation be conducted and the results obtained be substantially the same. y

But what we do claim as new, and desire to secure by Let-ters Patent, is-

rlhc processof making-salt by exposing brine to a metallic surface heated by steam,'and thereby heating and evaporating it to such a point of concentration below saturation that the gypsum therein will not adhere thereto, in combination with the removal of such concentrated brine to another vessel, and its further concentration to saturation and deposit of the lime therein', without the addition of further heat by the evaporation due to the heat thereof when removed thereto, in combination with the removal and reduc- 'tion to salt of such purified saturated brine, also by steam, substantially as described.

DEXTER REYNOLDS. JAMES W.'PAIGE. Witnesses:

F. H. CLnMnncr, D. L. JOHNSTON. 

